Should you vaccinate your rabbit? Schedule and diseases explained
Why vaccination is essential
Domestic rabbits are exposed to several serious viral diseases for which no effective curative treatment exists. Prevention through vaccination is the only reliable protection. These diseases can affect rabbits of all ages, whether they live outdoors or in an apartment.
The exact protocol, pricing and vaccine availability vary by country. Read the guidance below as a practical overview to discuss with your local exotic-pet veterinarian.
See the rabbit species page for an overview of the domestic rabbit’s characteristics and general health needs.
The diseases to vaccinate against
Myxomatosis
Myxomatosis is a viral disease caused by a poxvirus. It is transmitted mainly by biting insects (mosquitoes, fleas, lice, midges). An indoor rabbit can be infected by a single mosquito entering through a window.
Symptoms: swelling of the eyelids, lips and ears, skin nodules, purulent eye discharge, prostration. The subacute form is often fatal within 1–2 weeks. The chronic form may survive but with significant long-term damage.
Vaccination: annual vaccine. Review the booster frequency with your vet based on local disease pressure (some areas require a booster every 6 months during high-risk seasons).
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease — RHDV1 (classic variant)
Caused by the calicivirus RHDV1, classic RHD produces a fulminant hepatitis. Death can occur within 1–3 days, sometimes without prior visible symptoms. Mortality rate is very high in unvaccinated adults. Kits under 8 weeks are relatively resistant thanks to maternal antibodies.
Transmission: direct contact with infected rabbits or fomites (bedding, equipment, clothing, insects).
Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease — RHDV2 (emerging variant)
Caused by the calicivirus RHDV2, first identified in France in 2010 and now widespread across Europe. This variant is more virulent: it also affects nursing does and kits from as young as 4 weeks, as well as certain hare species. Mortality varies but is high.
Key point: RHDV2 is now the dominant form in most of Western Europe. Rabbits vaccinated against RHDV1 alone are not protected. The vaccine must cover RHDV2.
Vaccination schedule
The protocol can vary depending on available products and your vet’s advice. As a general guide:
| Age | Action |
|---|---|
| 5–10 weeks | First vaccination (myxomatosis + RHD as per product) |
| 2 weeks later | Initial booster if the protocol requires it |
| Every 12 months | Annual booster (every 6 months in high-risk areas for myxomatosis) |
Some combined trivalent vaccines (myxomatosis + RHDV1 + RHDV2) simplify the schedule. Ask your exotic-pet vet which product is available and best suited to your rabbit.
Where to get your rabbit vaccinated
Not all vets are equally experienced with rabbits. It is advisable to consult a vet specializing in exotic pets or small mammals (sometimes called an exotic-pet or NAC specialist). Look for clinics that explicitly list rabbits among their areas of expertise.
What the vaccine does not do
- The vaccine does not guarantee 100% protection in all cases: an immunocompromised animal or one that is heavily exposed may still contract the disease in an attenuated form.
- The vaccine does not replace hygiene measures: regular litter cleaning, avoiding contact with wild rabbits or animals of unknown health status.
- The vaccine only becomes effective roughly 15 days after injection. Avoid at-risk contacts during that window.
Summary
- Three diseases to cover: myxomatosis, RHDV1, RHDV2.
- Even indoor rabbits are exposed and must be vaccinated.
- First vaccination from 6–10 weeks, annual boosters.
- Consult an exotic-pet vet to tailor the protocol to your situation.
- Vaccination is part of your monthly rabbit budget — plan for one annual appointment.
For broader health monitoring, read our article on what to do if your rabbit stops eating — the first warning sign of a health problem.
Frequently asked questions
Does an indoor-only rabbit need to be vaccinated?
Yes. Myxomatosis and RHDV can be transmitted through indirect vectors: mosquitoes enter apartments, and viruses can be carried in on clothing or shoes. An indoor rabbit with no outdoor access remains exposed.
What age should vaccination start?
The first vaccination can begin from 5 weeks for some combined vaccines available in Europe. In practice, most vets recommend starting between 6 and 10 weeks, depending on the product available and local disease pressure.
How much does a rabbit vaccine cost?
In the UK and most of Europe, a consultation and vaccine combined typically costs between £40 and £80 per visit, depending on the vet and the vaccine used. Budget for one annual booster appointment.
Are myxomatosis and RHDV vaccines the same everywhere?
No. Available vaccines vary by country and product authorizations. In many European countries, bivalent (myxomatosis + RHDV2) and trivalent (myxomatosis + RHDV1 + RHDV2) vaccines are available. Your vet will recommend the appropriate protocol for your situation.